History
Where these languages came from
Comparative essays on how the seven relate — plus the story of each, one at a time.
Comparative essays
The Sigil Lineage: Perl, Raku, and guji
How the $, @, % sigils travelled from Perl's variant punctuation to Raku's invariant names to guji's shape-typed bindings.
From ML to Rust to guji: a lineage of type systems and pattern matching
How algebraic data types, exhaustive pattern matching, and type-directed error handling travelled from OCaml's research roots through Rust's systems pragmatism into guji's text-first, one-obvious-way design.
Threads, Goroutines, async, and hatch: how these languages do concurrency
Four languages, four bargains with the same hard problem: how to do many things at once without the things tripping over each other.
TMTOWTDI vs One Obvious Way: language design philosophy
Two opposing slogans — Perl's 'There's more than one way to do it' and Python's 'one obvious way' — and how Raku and Go inherit the argument.
Text Processing Through the Ages: Perl, Raku, Python, and guji
Four decades of teaching computers to read: from Perl's sigils and regexes to Raku's grammars, Python's batteries, and guji's first-class parsing.
Compiled, Interpreted, or Both: execution models and what they cost
From Perl's one-pass interpreter to Rust's LLVM backend and guji's single native binary — the spectrum of execution models and the trade-offs each one buys you.
By language
guji
Text is a first-class citizen: regex and PEG grammars built into a typed, functional core.
2009Go
Simplicity at scale — fast builds, easy concurrency, one static binary.
1996OCaml
Functional ML with industrial teeth — type inference that catches your mistakes before they exist.
1987Perl
The duct tape of the Internet — there's more than one way to do it.
2015Raku
The kitchen-sink language that bends to the way you think
2010Rust
Memory safety without a garbage collector — fearless systems programming.
1991Python
Executable pseudocode — readable, batteries-included, the glue language of the world.